Communications - Scientific letters of the University of Zilina

The Costs of Charging Electric Vehicles in Poland

Ewelina Sendek-Matysiak, Hubert Rzędowski — Sat, 01 Jan 2022 00:00:00 +0100

The very important factor that influences the decision of those interested in buying a vehicle is its operating costs. This paper determines the costs of driving 100km for various electric vehicles, charging service providers and chargers, which was then confronted with the costs of refueling. Based on the analysis carried out, it was determined that, at present, the lowest costs of fueling/charging of a vehicle in Poland are connected with use of an electric vehicle, but only when the charging is performed with use of public AC chargers. Moreover, it was determined that the savings that will result from charging electric vehicles at AC charging stations as compared to filling up internal combustion engine vehicles are small and do not compensate for the purchase price of an electric vehicle.

Analysis of the Traffic Parameters on a Section in the City of the National Road during Several Years of Operation

Andrzej Bąkowski, Leszek Radziszewski — Sat, 01 Jan 2022 00:00:00 +0100

The study carried out an analysis of the vehicle traffic parameters on a national road in 2011-2016. The variability and uncertainty of results were evaluated. An analysis of traffic data recorded on the city's entry and exit lanes was carried out. The variations in traffic volume are of interest e.g. in dynamic traffic management systems and navigation services, examining the benefits of flexible work time and places and assessing the environmental effects of traffic congestion. Research has shown that the assumption that lanes perform equally is not always true. Traffic volume models should be periodically calibrated taking into account the shape of the daily profile, which may, for example, allow public transport timetables to be more responsive to the needs of travelers.

Mixed Fuzzy-Logic and Game-Theoretical Approach to Justify Vehicle Models for Servicing the Public Bus Line

Sat, 01 Jan 2022 00:00:00 +0100

One of the main problems to be solved by the transport operators is the substantiation of the vehicle models servicing the transport lines. A gametheoretical approach is proposed in this paper to justify the bus model choice based on the passengers’ preferences and the structure of the passenger flows. To estimate the customers’ preferences, the membership functions for fuzzy sets of the optimal vehicle models were defined. The simulation experiment aiming to estimate the city fleet structure in terms of the vehicles’ capacity was conducted for the Talas city (Kazakhstan) based on the proposed approach with use of the corresponding software implementation of the developed mathematical models. As a result of the experimental studies, the impact of the passengers’ flow structure and the number of carriers on the rational structure of the city bus fleet was studied in the paper.

Determination of Thermomechanical Stresses in Elements of Vehicles’ Braking Systems

Sat, 01 Jan 2022 00:00:00 +0100

The main objective of the study was to develop a model and analyze the thermomechanical behavior of the hub material of the vehicle brake disk. The simulation strategy was based on the solution of the three-dimensional problem of the theory of elasticity for the case of effect of external loads and temperature fields on the metal structure element of the vehicle brakes. To solve this type of task of the theory of elasticity, the differential equations of the second order were used for the first time. Adaptation of the proposed model, completed in the article, has proved the correctness of use of these equations in modeling the thermomechanical processes with determination of stresses and displacements in unevenly heated rotary cylinders of the final length. The proposed method can be applied with high efficiency in stress strain state simulation of individual parts of vehicles.

Dynamic Modelling of Piston the Motion in Combustion Engines

Sat, 01 Jan 2022 00:00:00 +0100

The presented work discusses a methodology for analysis of noise emissions from a diesel engine. A numerical model of the piston motion, analyzing its lateral, reciprocating and rotation motion, has been presented in order to investigate the lateral motion of the piston skirt assembly and resulting vibrations induced as a result of these motions in the engine block. Various parameters of modal analysis were obtained using the mobility analysis. The presented methodology was validated by data obtained from a diesel engine test set up. The predicted results matched well with those of measured data, hence validating the presented scheme.

Simulation of a Dummy Crash Test in ADAMS

Marek Jaśkiewicz, Damian Frej, Miloš Poliak — Sat, 01 Jan 2022 00:00:00 +0100

The article presents a model designed dummy for crash test in ADAMS. The simulated model dummy has dimensions, shapes and mass corresponding to a 50-percentile man. The simulation program allows modification of the dummy parameters. It allows to study the dynamics of motion, distribution of forces and loads of individual parts of the body of the simulated model. The article describes the design process and how to select the appropriate stiffness and damping joints for the simulated dummy. The article contains the results of simulation crash tests performed in the ADAMS program, which were compared to results of the Hybryd III dummy physical crash test. The simulation is designed to reflect the greatest compliance of the movements of individual parts of the human body during the low speed collision.

Construction of the Geometrical Models of a Multiple-Factor Optimization of the Technical and Operating Parameters of the Trolleybuses with an Autonomous Move Margin

Sat, 01 Jan 2022 00:00:00 +0100

While introducing into a system of passenger traffic the ecologically clean vehicles, namely the electric buses, a task of providing them with a rational move margin is actual. This problem is especially acute while using the trolleybuses with an autonomous move at urban and suburban routes.

A constructed multiple-factor model and a proposed algorithm of finding the main parameters allow forming the offers concerning a constructive providing of an additional equipment process with the means of autonomous move. Based on a visual presentation of the multidimensional spaces at Radishchev drawing an effective way is offered of a geometrical interpretation of mutual influence of the optimization factors set on the operating characteristics of the additionally equipped vehicles.

Proposal of a Method for Detection of a Damaged Hydraulic Shock Absorber in a Vehicle’s Suspension System

Sat, 01 Jan 2022 00:00:00 +0100

In principle, every vehicle is equipped by a suspension system, which usually consists of springs and shock absorbers. The main purpose of the suspension system is to eliminate vibration of sprung and unsprung masses. Therefore, the proper operation conditions of the shock absorbers affect in a fundamental way total running properties of vehicles. However, during operation, shock absorbers are being worn out or they can even be damaged. Then, such a situation is unwanted and it has to be detected as soon as possible. The content of this article is focused on analysis of vehicles’ shock absorbers defects. Methods for detection of possible shock absorbers faults are presented. Further, a proposal of the method for detection of a state of a hydraulic shock absorber during its operation is presented. The method uses identification of the temperature change of a hydraulic shock absorber during operation.

Electric or Internal Combustion Engines for Passenger Cars? – Environmental and Economic Aspects

Zoran Čekerevac, Zdeněk Dvořák, Lyudmila Prigoda — Sat, 01 Jan 2022 00:00:00 +0100

The paper is focused on fuels, their users - engines and the end-user, the vehicles, from an environmental and economic point of view. The basic characteristics of potential fuels for internal combustion engines, as well as possible sources of electricity, are analysed. A comparative analysis of characteristics of vehicle propulsion with gasoline, diesel fuel, compressed natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas and electricity was performed. The research has shown that the application of vehicles with an electric motor is ecologically justified only in cases of obtaining electricity in an environmentally friendly way and that in other cases there is no profit in an ecological sense. From an economic point of view, if there were no subsidies to manufacturers and buyers of electric cars, they would not be competitive with internal combustion engines now. Within the research, potential solutions for reducing air pollution and improving the quality of life in cities have been proposed.

The Effects of Biodiesel on NOx Emissions for Automotive Transport

Ruslana Kolodnytska, Oleksandr Kravchenko, Juraj Gerlici, Kateryna Kravchenko — Sat, 01 Jan 2022 00:00:00 +0100

Automobiles with internal combustion engine using diesel fuel have large harmful emissions of nitrogen oxides and soot, which affect the health of the population and especially children and carbon dioxide, which is dangerous for the planet as a whole. Biodiesel is used in Europe as an additive to diesel fuel to reduce soot emissions (including carcinogens), as well as to improve the balance of carbon dioxide on the planet. Using the biodiesel in internal combustion engines tends to show higher nitrogen oxides emissions compared to diesel. In this paper, the impact of flame temperature, ignition delay and density on NOx formation of biodiesel and its component for both stationary engine and automotive engine were analysed. Emissions of nitrogen oxides increase with increasing load. In no-load modes, biodiesel shows lower emissions of nitrogen oxides than diesel.

A Critical Review of Biofuels as an Alternative Fuel to Diesel in Gulf Regional Corporation (GCC) Region: Current Market Trends and Future Opportunitie

Sat, 01 Jan 2022 00:00:00 +0100

Bio Fuels are considered as good alternatives for conventional fossil fuels. By the year 2020, in the GCC region these fuels are able to meet around 0.5 - 1% of total transportation fuel demand. This industry grew at rate of 3.4% over the period of 2015-2020 with a strong projected growth in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Bio fuels are used to operate automotive for mining and construction industries. Critical barriers in foreign investments pose a major challenge for growth of this sector in the GCC region.

The presented work discusses situation and growth predictions of Bio-Fuel industry in the GCC region. It also discusses about current growth, trends, opportunities and challenges being faced by major companies operating in the GCC region.

Analysis of the Powertrain Component Size of Electrified Vehicles Commercially Available on the Market

Ruzimov Sanjarbek, Jamshid Mavlonov, Akmal Mukhitdinov — Sat, 01 Jan 2022 00:00:00 +0100

The paper aims to present an analysis of the component sizes of commercially available vehicles with electrified powertrains. The paper provides insight into how the powertrain components (an internal combustion engine, an electric motor and a battery) of mass production electrified vehicles are sized. The data of wide range of mass production electrified vehicles are collected and analyzed. Firstly, the main requirements to performance of a vehicle are described. The power values to meet the main performance requirements are calculated and compared to the real vehicle data. Based on the calculated values of the power requirements the minimum sizes of the powertrain components are derived. The paper highlights how the sizing methodologies, described in the research literature, are implemented in sizing the powertrain of the commercially available electrified vehicles.

Development of a Procedure for Determining the Pre-Failure Condition of the Axle Boxes of Railway Rolling Stock

Sat, 01 Jan 2022 00:00:00 +0100

It has been determined that the greatest risk of an error in determining the technical condition of the axle box unit in the so-called "zone of uncertainty" is in the impossibility of unambiguously assessing its technical condition. To solve this problem, a model is proposed in the form of an n-dimensional radius vector, which has a direction towards an increase in the probability of failure and a deterioration in its parameters' values. Such a model for determining the axle box unit's pre-failure condition will reduce the risk of errors in decision-making.

Verification of the Thermal Expansion Effect of Silicone Molds Intended for Production of the Prototype Components using Vacuum Casting Technology

Peter Spišák, Róbert Sásik, Ján Steininger, Jozef Jenis — Sat, 01 Jan 2022 00:00:00 +0100

The article deals with vacuum casting technology and especially with the assessment of the influence of the tempering temperature of silicone molds on the dimensions of future castings. The aim was to evaluate the actual size of the castings, using different tempering temperatures of the molds and different casting materials. After examining the resulting dimensions of the individual castings, a procedure was established by which these effects could be minimized. In the end, a test of the proposed procedure is performed, which confirmed its correctness.

Redundant Multi-Object Detection for Autonomous Vehicles in Structured Environments

Stefano Feraco, Angelo Bonfitto, Nicola Amati, Andrea Tonoli — Sat, 01 Jan 2022 00:00:00 +0100

This paper presents a redundant multi-object detection method for autonomous driving, exploiting a combination of Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) and stereocamera sensors to detect different obstacles. These sensors are used for distinct perception pipelines considering a custom hardware/software architecture deployed on a self-driving electric racing vehicle. Consequently, the creation of a local map with respect to the vehicle position enables development of further local trajectory planning algorithms. The LiDAR-based algorithm exploits segmentation of point clouds for the ground filtering and obstacle detection. The stereocamerabased perception pipeline is based on a Single Shot Detector using a deep learning neural network. The presented algorithm is experimentally validated on the instrumented vehicle during different driving maneuvers.

Artificial Neural Network Based MPPT Algorithm for Modern Household with Electric Vehicle

Ján Morgoš, Peter Klčo, Karol Hrudkay — Sat, 01 Jan 2022 00:00:00 +0100

This paper deals with implementation of artificial neural network in the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller algorithm for modern household where electric vehicle (EV) was purchased. The proposed MPPT algorithm was designed to achieve the best possible efficiency of the MPP (maximum power point) tracking and the best possible energy harvesting to charge the EV’s battery. The artificial neural networks have strong advantage in fast input to output response of signals and the finding of MPP is faster than in commonly used algorithms. In this article, the optimised simulation model based on artificial neural network will be introduced. The proposed artificial neural network algorithm was designed for non-shielded photovoltaic panels.

Temperature Correction of Deflections and Backcalculated Elasticity Moduli Determined from Falling Weight Deflectometer Measurements on Asphalt Pavements

Ilja Březina, Ondřej Machel, Tomáš Zavřel — Sat, 01 Jan 2022 00:00:00 +0100

The evaluation of the bearing capacity of asphalt pavements is usually performed by analysing the deflections measured by a Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD). The deflection changes with the pavement temperature. In evaluation is necessary to consider the thermal gradient of pavement and perform the temperature correction. The article contains an analysis of effects of the pavement temperature on FWD results on the long-term monitored sections. The temperature correction was performed on measured deflections or back-calculated elasticity moduli. The moduli recalculated to the temperature of 20 °C according to both procedures were similar. Comparison of moduli determined by recalculation to moduli backcalculated from the deflection bowls measured at the temperature of 20 °C, has proven smaller differences for the moduli determined from the deflection bowl corrected to the temperature of 20 °C.

The Stress-Strain State of the Tunnel Lining that Crosses the Fault Zone of Soil Blocks during an Earthquake

Mark R. Miller, Evgeniy Y. Titov, Sergey S. Kharitonov, Yong Fang — Sat, 01 Jan 2022 00:00:00 +0100

The study examines the question of the tunnel behavior under seismic or geophysical load in the zone of changes in the hardness of the surrounding soil mass. In the course of the study, the internal forces and displacements arising in the structure of a tunnel in the zone of intersection of the boundaries of soil layers with different properties, in the case when these layers move relative to each other, were determined by analytical and numerical solutions. The data obtained by the analytical method was compared to numerical models using practical examples.

Ensuring Operational Reliability of Overpass on "Almaty-Kapshagai" Highway Section in Kazakhstan

Sat, 01 Jan 2022 00:00:00 +0100

The article presents results of the overpass condition survey, technical survey, static tests and assessment of the structure operational reliability, a doubledecker overpass on Almaty-Kapshagai highway section in Kazakhstan. Technical survey determined the dimensions of the overpass, the camber of reinforced concrete superstructures main beams and checked the values of the overpass roadway actual transverse and longitudinal slopes. The calculation and analytical assessment of the overpass load-bearing structures, for the strength of the bending moment, are performed. Static tests of the overpass split beam superstructure of a length of 33.0m were conducted. Trucks loaded with ballast were accepted as a test load.

Dynamic Response of a Road Bridge Subjected to Passing a Heavy Vehicle over a Standard Irregularity - Numerical Modelling and Experimental Testing

Milan Moravčík — Sat, 01 Jan 2022 00:00:00 +0100

The paper presents an analysis of an actual problem related to dynamic effects to road bridges due to travelling a heavy vehicle over the bridge. Numerical simulations of the dynamic response are applied on a fictitious simple beam of the length Lb = 52 m with an artificial irregularity at midspan, corresponding to a characteristic span L (b5) = 52 m of the ten-span continuous box girder bridge. A heavy four-axle truck m v = 32 t is used for dynamic excitation, travelling over the bridge at passing speed of 70km / h. The obtained results are compared to results of the experimentally tested ten-span continuous pre-stressed reinforced concrete girder bridge at the same speed.

Measuring the Speed of Docking Ship with Total Station

Andrzej Felski — Sat, 01 Jan 2022 00:00:00 +0100

The big modern ships are the largest mobile objects that exist in nowadays world. Their huge mass and length in combination with their limited maneuverability can result in the risk of extreme destructions of the infrastructure, as well as environment, in the case of even minor malfunction of any of its elements. The main danger is the kinetic energy of such a colossus and in these circumstances the accuracy of information on the ship's speed becomes particularly important. This is the reason of a growing interest in various systems designed to support harbor pilots during the maneuvers. The most popular ones are based on laser-measurement of the distance, as the rule, installed as static installation in the quay. This article presents the results of the experiments of vessel’s speed measurements when approaching the quay with use the geodetic total stations in a reflectorless variant.

Bathymetric Measurements of the Vistula Smiala River Mouth with the Use of a Hydrographic Manned Vessel

Michal Skrzypek, Blażej Mach — Sat, 01 Jan 2022 00:00:00 +0100

The aim of the article was to present the characteristics of conducting bathymetric measurements of a water area by means of a manned watercraft. The survey was performed in a body of water that is relatively shallow and frequently used by water sports enthusiasts. The results of the study described the shape of the bottom of the marina studied and identified dangerous places for vehicles moving on it. It was proved that using a manned vessel is dangerous or impossible to make measurements near the pier where the yachts were moored and areas where the depth was less than 1 meter. Using the points recorded by the Lowrance HDS Carbon 9 echo sounder, the authors of this paper generated 2D and 3D maps of the measured reservoir with the depths plotted on them. The created studies can be used when developing navigational aids to facilitate the driving of water vehicles.

Bathymetric Measurements of a Retention Reservoir using Integrated Hydrographic and Photogrammetric Techniques

Błażej Mach, Michał Skrzypek — Sat, 01 Jan 2022 00:00:00 +0100

The purpose of this paper was to determine the usability of unmanned hydrographic drones and photogrammetric techniques during the conduct of work, the results of which are potentially to serve as navigational materials in areas that, due to their characteristics, make it impossible to carry out research using crew vessels and direct shoreline determination. In order to prepare and carry out the measurement campaign with the greatest possible accuracy and safety, the authors of the article decided to determine the shoreline of the analyzed reservoir using photogrammetric methods. The use of satellite images allowed the border between land and water to be identified as precisely as possible, which had a direct impact on the accuracy of relating depth data to their location on Earth's globe. Use of unmanned vessels and orthophotos can find practical application when navigating vessels during maneuvers required high precision.

Aircraft Position Prediction during the Crosswind Approach

Marek Grzegorzewski, Jerzy Biały — Sat, 01 Jan 2022 00:00:00 +0100

Testing the impact of the drag coefficient on an F16 aircraft model, depending on the angle of attack a was performed. First, a navigation model was introduced describing the preliminary and computational assumptions of the model. The final part of the present paper contains the relationships between the wind angle and the wind correction angle at the angle of attack a = 00, a = 110, a = 130 for a full-scale F-16 aircraft. The tables present results of all the calculations for individual angles of attack, taking into account variable wind angles relative to the longitudinal axis of the runway. The values show the corrections calculated for an 1/19 scale aircraft model and for a full-scale F16 aircraft. The "right" and "left" designations represent the direction from which the wind blows in relation to the aircraft.

Processing of the Results of Satellite Inland Positioning Transport using Mobile Devices and their Visualization

Małgorzata Kulas — Sat, 01 Jan 2022 00:00:00 +0100

The issue of spatial data visualization is currently an important element in the positioning and navigation process. The constant trend in increasing the accuracy and availability of position modules affects the widespread use of the mobile devices in transport. The paper presents creation of a three-dimensional visualization model based on ground tracks recorded in NMEA (National Marine Electronics Association) and GPX (GPS Exchange Format) formats. Additionally, the study presents an analysis of the positioning accuracy including the sky obstructions presence and the instantaneous state of the satellite constellation. The significant deterioration in positioning accuracies was noted due to the presence of sky obstructions and low movement speed during data recording. The analysis of these parameters showed the dependence of the positioning accuracy with the number of visible satellites and the HDOP (Horizontal Dilution of Precision) parameter.